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AMINO ACIDS
WHY PROTEIN IS NECESSARY?
• In our body protein substances are necessary for making muscles, tendons, ligaments, organs, glands, nails, bone, hair and most body fluids.
• In our body different enzymes & hormones are present that catalyze and regulate all bodily processes are proteins.
• Body growth, repair & maintenance also dependent on proteins.
• Proteins help to regulate the body's water balance and maintain the proper internal pH.
• They also act as carriers for the exchange of nutrients between the intercellular fluids and the tissues, blood, and lymph.
• They form the basic structure of chromosomes through which genetic information is passed from parents to offspring.
• A deficiency of protein can upset the body's fluid balance, causing edema.
IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS OF AMINO ACIDS:
• The basic function of amino acids is to form protein which is the very important component of body.
• Amino acids also enable the body to absorb & assimilate the vitamins & minerals. For example, low levels of the amino acid tyrosine may lead to iron deficiency.
• Some amino acids act as neurotransmitters or as precursors of neurotransmitters, the chemicals that carry information from one nerve cell to another.
• Certain amino acids when act as neurotransmitters they have the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (defensive shield designed to protect the brain from toxins and foreign invaders that may be circulating in the bloodstream) so that they can be used by brain to communicate with nerve cells. Amino acids also protecting the body from viruses & bacteria.
CLASSIFICATION OF AMINO ACIDS:
Depending on the source amino acids are classified into:
1. NONESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS:
Non essential amino acids are those that the body can be synthesized & do not have to be obtained from the diet. These include: alanine, asparagine, aspartic acid, carnitine, citrulline, cysteine, cystine, GABA, glutamic acid, glutamine, gluthathione, glycine, serine, hydroxyproline, ornithine, proline, taurine, and tyrosine.
2. SEMI ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS:
The amino acids that sometimes make internally if the conditions are right.For example cystine and tyrosine are sometimes classified as semi-essential.
3. ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS:
The amino acids that the body cannot be synthesized so they must obtained from the diet. The essential amino acids that must enter the body through diet are isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, trytophan, valine, histidine*,& aginine*. (* essential in certain cases).
In the human body, the liver produces about 80% of the amino acids needed. The remaining 20% must be obtained from the diet
1. VALINE:
This amino acid is closely related to leucine & isoleucine both in function & structure. Valine, isoleucine & leucine are the members of branch chain amino acids (BCAAs) that are required for the maintenance & repair of muscles tissue.
FUNCTIONS & USES OF VALINE:
• Valine is required for the maintenance of proper nitrogen balance.
• Needed for muscle metabolism & coordination. Used as an energy source by muscles.
• Also helpful in the synthesis of glucose especially in the liver during anaerobic activities.
• Required for the treatment of liver & gallbladder diseases.
• Also useful in the treatments of muscle , mental & emotional upsets as well as for insomnia & nervousness.
VALINE DEFICIENCY:
• Decline in muscle function, mental health, insomnia & skin hypersensitivity.
• Loss of balance during locomotion.
• Hydrogen imbalance in the body.
• Increase susceptibility of irritation from allergens
TOXICITY & SIDE EFFECTS
:
Over doses of this amino acid may leads to hallucination(false perception) and crawling sensation on skin, headache & emotional disturbances.
CONTRAINDICATIONS:
People with liver & kidney disease should not take high amount of valine without consulting their doctor.
2. ISOLEUCINE:
FUNCTIONS & USES OF ISOLEUCINE:
• Required for the synthesis of hemoglobin which is an essential constituent of red blood cells.
• Necessary for muscle building as well as muscle recovery after exercise.
• In the body it is necessary for the production of biochemical compounds that help in energy production.
• Required for the optimal growth of child.
• In adults it is required for nitrogen balance.
• Regulate blood sugar & energy levels.
• It is also helpful in blood cloting.
• Isoleucine supplemental doses may also be helful in preventing muscle loss & promoting tissue repairing after surgery & injury so valuable to athletes.
ISOLEUCINE DEFICIENCY:
Symptoms that are produced due to deficiency of isoleucine are same as lower glucose (hypoglycemia). Deficiency of isoleucine may also causes mental & physical disorders.
3. LEUCINE:
FUNCTION & USES OF LEUCINE:
• Leucine is necessary for the optimal growth of infants and for the nitrogen balance in adults.
• Elevated blood sugar level is lowered by using leucine.
• Promote healing of bone , skin & muscles.
• During starvation condition it is used for the synthesis of sugar in liver.
• It is an important amino acids for the productin of hemoglobin.
• It increases the production of growth hormone.
• Leucine play important role in stress, infections & muscle metabolism.
LEUCINE DEFICIEFCY:
In infant leucine deficiency may cause hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemia symptoms may include dizziness, fatigue, headaches, irritability etc.
CONTRAINDICATIONS:
People with depression, liver or kidney disease should avoid taking large amounts of leucine due to the changes of blood levels.
INTERACTIONS:
Patient who used L dopa for the treatment of Parkinson's disease may not use leucine.
3. TRYPTOPHAN:
FUNCTIONS & USES OF TRYPTOPHAN:
• It is the precursor of an important neurotransmitter serotonin that regulate the mood, appetite, sleep and impulse control.
• Tryptophan may enhance relaxation and sleep, relieves minor premenstrual symptoms, soothes nerves and anxiety, and reduces carbohydrate cravings.
• It is involved in the production of vitamin B3
• Helps in the treatment of migraine headaches.
• Helps the immune system function properly.
• Aids in weight control by reducing appetite, enhances the release of growth hormones.
• Helps to control hyperactivity in children.
TRYPTOPHAN DEFICIENCY:
It deficiency related to the deficiency of vitamin B3 so causes pellagra.Its deficiency may leads to depression, insomnia, schizophrenia, suicidal thoughts and carbohydrate craving. Tryptophan deficiency is likely to occur in individuals with poor overall protein intake.
TOXICITY & SIDE EFFECTS:
In some people tryptophan may cause dizziness or less alert. Symptoms of tryptophan overdose include agitation, confusion, diarrhea, fever, overactive reflexes, poor coordination, restlessness, shivering, sweating, trembling or shaking, twitching, and vomiting.
INTERACTIONS:
Avoid combining tryptophan with other serotonin increasing agents such as 5-HTP or SSRI drugs. Tryptophan is only used in combination with other antidepressant therapy.
5. METHIONINE:
FUNCTIONS & USES OF METHIONINE:
• A powerful anti-oxidant & lipotrope that helps to remove fat from the liver.
• Methionine supplies sulfur and other compounds required by the body for normal metabolism and growth.
• It prevents disorders of the hair, skin, and nails & increases the breakdown of fats so helping to prevent accumulation of fat in the liver and arteries, that might obstruct blood flow to the brain, heart and kidneys.
• Also helpful for the detoxification of lead & heavy metals.
• Reduce muscle weakness & protect against the affects of radiation.
• It promote the release of estrogen in women taking oral contraceptive & also helpful for the treatment of endometriosis.
• Methionine is an important nutrient for people suffering from estrogen dominance, where the amount of estrogen in the body is excessively high when compared to its opposing hormone called progesterone. Because it causes removal of excess estrogen from the liver.
• Reduces the level of histamine in the body which control dilation of blood vessels and influence brain function & can cause the brain to relay wrong messages.
• Helpful for the treatment of schizophrenia.
DEFICIENCY OF METHIONINE:
Methionine deficiency causes the liver to metabolize only histidine resulting in an incomplete form of folic acid. Methionine deficiency can cause apathy, loss of pigmentation in hair, edema, lethargy, liver damage, muscle loss, fat loss, skin lesions, weakness, and slowed growth in children.Lower intakes during pregnancy have been associated with neural tube defects in newborns.
6. LYSINE:
FUNCTIONS OF LYSINE:
• Lysine is needed for the production of disease-fighting antibodies, hormones & enzymes.
• In adults it maintain nitrogen balance & calcium absorption.
• In children it required for proper development & growth of bone.
• It plays an important role in the formation of collagen, a substance important for bones and connective tissues including skin, tendon, and cartilage.
• Since it is an essential building block of protein so important for those recovering from surgery or sports-related injuries.
• Lysine can be used to treat mouth and genital lesions caused by herpes simplex virus.
• Lysine when combine with arginine can stimulate release of human growth hormone.
• Lysine may also relieve migraine headaches and painful periods.
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS OF LYSINE:
Deficiency can produce symptoms include hair loss, anemia, loss of energy, fatigue, nausea, dizziness, loss of appetite ,inability to concentrate, irritability, redness in eyes, agitation , slow growth and reproductive disorders. Lysine deficiency may also lead to calcium loss, which could increase the risk of developing osteoporosis.
TOXICITY & SIDE EFFECTS:
Lysine supplements are considered safe and nontoxic. Side effects have not been reported with the use of lysine, although very high doses (more than 10 grams a day) may cause gastrointestinal symptoms, such as nausea, abdominal cramps and diarrhea.
INTERACTION & CONTRAINDICATION:
When taking along with antibiotics (aminoglycoside) lysine increases its toxicity. Don't drink milk at the same time you take lysine
7. PHENYLALANINE:
FUNCTIONS & USES OF PHENYLALANINE:
• phenylalanine and phenylalanine supplementation are used in the suppression of pain and as an weight loss aid through the suppression of appetite.
• Used by the brain to produce neurotransmitters (dopamine & norepinephrine) by converting into tyrosine , which elevates mood & aids memory and learning.
• Used for the treatment of depression migraines, Parkinson's disease, and schizophrenia & arthritis, obesity.
• It can also increase sexual interest & used for the treatment of menstrual cramps.
• It is also used in high blood pressure, anxiety attacks,diabetes, heart conditions, skin cancer.
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS OF
PHENYLALANINE:
Deficiency of phenylalanine may produce symptoms such as: confusion, lack of energy, decreased alertness, decreased memory, and diminished appetite.
8. THREONINE:
FUNCTIONS & USES OF THREONINE:
• Threonine is an important part of many proteins in the body and is necessary for the formation of tooth enamel and elastin and collagen which are needed for both healthy skin and wound healing.
• when combined with Aspartic Acid and Methionine it enhances liver and Lipotropic function & prevent fat accumulation in liver because a fatty liver can affect liver function and causes liver diseases such as cirrhosis.
• It is also important for production of neurotransmitters and health of the nervous system.
• Threonine is one of the immune-stimulating nutrients as it promotes thymus growth and activity it may enhance immunity by increasing the production of agents that fight viral infections. It also can promote cell immune defense function.
9. HISTADINE:
According to the body condition histadine some time act as an essential amino acid but generally it is called a semi-essential amino acid because adults normally produce adequate amounts but children may not.
FUNCTIONS & USES OF HISTDINE:
• In the body it is used in the synthesis of histamine which control physiological processes.
• Histidine plays a significant role in the growth and repair of tissues.
• It support the nervous system by maintaing the myelin sheaths that protect( auditory nerve) nerve cells & used in the treatment of hearing disability.
• It is required for healthy digestion . In the stomach it stimulate the secretion of gastric juices mainly gastrin(Digestive enzyme).
• Histidine also acts to lower blood pressure and relax blood vessels, and is used to treat various cardiac and circulatory problems.
• It also helpful for the production of red blood cells & white blood cells.
• Histidine is an essential component of zinc binding proteins and has an important role in the absorption and transport of zinc.
HISTADINE DEFICIENCY:
Low levels of histadine may cause rheumatoid arthritis. Histidine deficiency can result in eye problems like cataracts.In children it deficiency may result in eczema. Histidine deficiency is suspected to be associated with stomach and duodenal ulcer.
SIDE EFFECTS & CONTRAINDICATIONS:
Large doses of histidine can cause premature ejaculation, reduces levels of zinc and possibly trigger an allergic or asthmatic reaction (due to increases in histamine) Long-term supplementation with Histidine may give rise to a copper deficiency and raise blood cholesterol levels.
10. ARGININE:
L-arginine is a Potent amino acid present in the proteins of all life forms. It is classified as a semi-essential because under normal circumstances the body can synthesize sufficient
L-arginine to meet physiological demands. It is also classified as one out of 10 essential amino acids & usually considered essential to the diet of children for the maintenance of normal rates of growth.
FUNCTIONS & USES OF ARGININE:
• Arginine is involved in numerous areas of human biochemistry, including ammonia detoxification, hormone secretion, and immune modulation.
Arginine plays an important role in the healing of wounds & hormones production.
• Arginine is needed to increase protein synthesis, which can in turn increase cellular replication
• It enhanced the immunity by increasing the size & activity of thymus gland that produces T cell so retards the growth of tumors and cancer.
• By neutralizing ammonia it helps in liver detoxification.
• Free and bound arginine is found in abundance in human male sperm and arginine has been found to stimulate sperm motility so used in the treatment of male sterility by increasing sperm count.
• It increases the muscle mass & reduces the fats so helpful in weight loss.
• It is a major component of collagen which is good for arthritis and connective tissue disorders.
• The body uses arginine to produce nitric oxide which is an endogenous messenger molecule involved in a variety of endothelium-dependent physiological effects in the cardiovascular system. Nitric oxide is an important regulator of vasomotor function in the gut.
ARGININE DEFICIENCY:
Deficiency produces symptoms of muscle weakness, similar to muscular dystrophy. Arginine deficiency impairs insulin production, glucose production, and liver lipid metabolism. Conditional deficiencies of arginine or ornithine are associated with the presence of excessive ammonia in the blood, excessive lysine, rapid growth, pregnancy, trauma, or protein deficiency and malnutrition. Arginine deficiency is also associated with rash, hair loss and hair breakage, poor wound healing, constipation, fatty liver, hepatic cirrhosis, and hepatic coma. Arginine deficient diets in males causes decreased sperm counts.
CONTRAINDICATIONS:
Arginine is contraindicated in patients with allergic tendencies and hyperchloraemic acidosis
REFERENCES :
1.http://www.moondragon.org/health/nutritionbasics/aminoacids/function.html
2.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid
3.http://exercise.about.com/od/nutrition/g/amino_acids.htm?iam=momma_100_SKD&terms=%22amino+acids%22
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http://www.answers.com/topic/non-essential-amino-acids?cat=health
5 .http://www.innvista.com/health/nutrition/amino/intro.htm
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http://www.answers.com/topic/essential-amino-acid?cat=health
7 .http://www.realtime.net/anr/aminoacd.html
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http://www.vitamins-supplements.org/amino-acids/valine.php
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http://www.vitamins-supplements.org/amino-acids/isoleucine.php
10
http://www.vitamins-supplements.org/amino-acids/leucine.php
11
http://www.vitamins-supplements.org/amino-acids/tryptophan.php
12
http://www.vitamins-supplements.org/amino-acids/methionine.php
13
http://www.vitamins-supplements.org/amino-acids/lysine.php
14
http://www.immunesupport.com/news/96jan006.htm
http://www.nutritionalvitamins.org/amino-acids/phenylalanine.htm
15
http://www.vitamins-supplements.org/amino-acids/threonine.php
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http://www.vitamins-supplements.org/amino-acids/histidine.php
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http://www.vitamins-supplements.org/amino-acids/arginine.php
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